Haplo C1b4 14.7K C1b http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001764&representation=PDF p5 has useful map The present landscape of extant Native American mtDNA phyletic diversity is composed of the same major five basal haplogroups A-D plus X, but we are now able to distinguish one to four founder sequences in each haplogroup, adding up to ten monophyletic sub-haplogroups; A2, B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, C4c, D1, D2a, D3 and D4h3a [15–21] In spite of the importance of the P-TdF region, few studies of mitochondrial DNA have been performed with current or historical indigenous populations of the area like the Mapuche, Pehuenche, Huilliche, Ya´mana and Kawe´sqar [9–10,22–27]. These studies show a cline north to south for the B2, C1b and D1 haplogroups, with B2 decreasing in frequency until it completely disappears in the extreme South in populations such as the Ya´mana and Kawe´sqar. C1d and D1 increase their frequencies as we move southward [23–27]. Regarding the D-loop sequences of mtDNA, these populations have shown a high frequency of a geographically-linked D1 haplogroup lineage characterized by the presence of the C16187T polymorphism (D1g, according to a report by Bodner et al., 2012 [28]), which was recognized early as specific to the region by Forster et al. (1996) [13]. Genetic studies of populations from the rest of South America appear to confirm this observation, since up until now this lineage has not been found in other Native populations from South America [29–51]. | Haplo J1e 19.4 ky (17,400 bc ?) dienekes thinks 4000 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987219/ https://www.familytreedna.com/public/puertorricanberberancestry/ j1 and j2 related to new world sephardic jews http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:JohnLloydScharf/Haplogroup_J1_(Y-DNA) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:JohnLloydScharf/Haplogroup_J1_(Y-DNA) http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2009/10/emergence-and-dispersal-of-haplogroup-j.html http://www.abstractsonline.com/Plan/ViewAbstract.aspx?sKey=033f317e-adbe-4a7b-891c-ee0405066ca3&cKey=c2dc15ee-695b-4849-ab1b-a52a9da26b0e&mKey=%7B6A55B106-9C1E-4903-9B31-9FDF3C69C4D6%7D https://www.familytreedna.com/mtDNA-Haplogroup-Mutations.aspx http://www.worldfamilies.net/surnames/guzman/results |